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The 16th and 17th centuries in Europe witnessed a major upheaval in religious, political, and social life, much of which was driven by the dissenters and non-conformists. These groups rejected the established norms and institutions, particularly of the Catholic Church and later, various state churches. Their ideas and actions laid the groundwork for a shift in Western thought and contributed significantly to the rise of modernity in Europe. The dissenters and non-conformists were not a homogenous group but represented a wide array of ideologies, including religious reformers, radical theologians, political rebels, and social visionaries. The Protestant Reformation marked a major turning point. Martin Luther, who nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the church door in 1517, openly challenged the authority of the Pope and the corruption within the Catholic Church. His emphasis on justification by faith alone, the authority of Scripture, and the priesthood of all believers undermined the hierarchical structure of the Church. Luther’s ideas inspired a wave of dissent across Europe. While Luther himself was conservative in some respects, particularly in maintaining order and aligning with state authorities, others took his principles further. One of the most radical expressions of dissent came from ________ _______ _____ ____ _____ _________ ________ _________ _________.
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