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Watershed development programmes in India have emerged as a significant approach to rural development, particularly in regions suffering from water scarcity, land degradation, and low agricultural productivity. The history of watershed development in India can be traced back to the early 1950s when the country faced recurrent droughts and a growing need to manage its natural resources efficiently. Initial efforts were largely confined to soil and water conservation projects under the aegis of the Community Development Programme (1952) and later the Integrated Rural Development Programme (1978), which emphasized holistic rural development. These programmes recognized that merely increasing agricultural inputs like seeds and fertilizers would not be sufficient unless the land and water resources were conserved and managed sustainably. Over time, with increasing environmental challenges, the focus shifted towards integrated watershed management, combining ecological, social, and economic objectives to improve productivity and livelihood security in rural areas. The concept of watershed development is rooted in the principle of managing a watershed—a land area that drains rainfall to a common outlet, such as a river, lake, or reservoir—in an integrated manner. A watershed functions as a natural hydrological unit, making it an effective framework for planning and implementing interventions aimed at water conservation, soil management, and agricultural productivity. Watershed development programmes aim to conserve ________ ___ ____ _________ _______ ___ _________ _____.
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