Discuss the historical development of urban anthropology with special reference to the Manchester School.

Urban anthropology is a subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of urban environments, including the social, cultural, political, and economic dynamics of city life. Its historical development is closely tied to broader anthropological trends, but one of the most significant contributions to its emergence came from the Manchester School of Anthropology. The development of urban anthropology, particularly through the lens of the Manchester School, represents a shift in how anthropologists approached the study of urbanization and the complex social landscapes of cities. This answer will explore the historical development of urban anthropology, with particular emphasis on the role of the Manchester School in shaping the discipline.

### Early Beginnings of Urban Anthropology

Anthropology, as a discipline, was originally concerned with studying small, relatively isolated societies, particularly through the lens of "traditional" or "primitive" cultures. Early anthropologists, such as Franz Boas and Bronislaw Malinowski, focused on fieldwork in small-scale societies, especially in rural or non-industrial settings. This ethnographic method was initially ill-suited to the complexities of urban environments, where rapid social change, mass migration, and industrialization were taking place.

However, as the 20th century progressed, urbanization became an increasingly important social phenomenon. Cities were growing rapidly, particularly in the West, as industrialization and globalization reshaped economies and societies. The anthropological community began to ___ ______ _____ ________ _________ _______ ____ ___ __________ ___.
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