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In Physical and Structural Geology, joints are fractures or separations in rock masses along which there has been no significant movement parallel to the plane of the fracture. They are important structural features that control the mechanical behavior of rocks and influence processes like weathering, erosion, and groundwater flow. Geometrically, joints can be classified based on their orientation, shape, and pattern, providing insight into the stress regime and deformation history of the rock. One common geometrical classification is based on the orientation and pattern of joints. Systematic joints are regularly spaced and often occur in parallel or subparallel sets. They are generally planar and may extend over large distances. For instance, columnar joints in basalt occur due to cooling and contraction, forming polygonal prismatic shapes. Non-systematic joints, _______ ___ __________ _________ ________.
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