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Hospitals are among the most fire-sensitive facilities because they operate continuously, house vulnerable occupants, and contain a high density of electrical equipment, medical gases, flammable chemicals, and combustible materials. Fire prevention and protection in hospitals therefore requires a comprehensive, layered approach that integrates building design, operational controls, active and passive protection systems, staff preparedness, and continuous monitoring. The primary objective is not only to prevent the outbreak of fire but also to ensure the safety of patients who may be immobile, unconscious, or dependent on life-support systems, while maintaining critical healthcare services during emergencies. Fire prevention begins at the planning and design stage of hospital buildings. Site selection, zoning, and layout play a crucial role in reducing fire risk. Hospitals are generally designed with compartmentation, where the building is divided into fire-resistant zones using fire-rated walls, floors, and doors. This limits the spread of fire and smoke, allowing for horizontal evacuation rather than immediate vertical evacuation, which is safer for patients. The use of fire-resistant construction materials, low-smoke generating finishes, and non-combustible structural components significantly reduces fire load. _____ ____ ________ _______ _______ ____ ________ ________ ______ __________.
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