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The concept of environment in the Indian philosophical tradition is deeply rooted in the holistic worldview that perceives the universe as an interconnected system where humans, animals, plants, rivers, mountains, and even celestial bodies share mutual relationships. Unlike modern materialist perspectives, which often emphasize domination over nature, Indian thought stresses harmony with nature, recognizing it as sacred and worthy of reverence. The environment, understood as *Prakriti* or nature, is not merely a physical resource but a divine manifestation that sustains life and embodies spiritual significance. This philosophical foundation has historically influenced Indian approaches to environmental conservation, shaping religious practices, ethical values, and community life. In Vedic literature, environment is not described in isolation but as part of a cosmic order (*Rita*), which ensures balance and sustainability in creation. The Rigveda speaks of the sanctity of rivers, air, earth, fire, and sky, attributing divinity to them and invoking their protection. Hymns addressed to *Agni* (fire), *Varuna* (water), *Vayu* (air), *Prithvi* (earth), and *Surya* (sun) reflect the recognition that natural elements are essential for human survival and prosperity. This sacred perception established an ethical responsibility to protect and preserve them. Conservation in this sense was not a separate activity but part of religious duty (*dharma*). The Upanishadic philosophy further emphasizes the unity of existence, encapsulated in the concept of *Brahman* as the ultimate reality in which all beings and nature reside. The famous Mahavakya “Tat Tvam Asi” (Thou art that) expresses the non-duality of existence, highlighting that harming nature is equivalent to harming oneself. Such metaphysical ideas nurture ecological awareness by promoting compassion and reverence for all life forms. The *Isha Upanishad* in particular conveys the idea that the world is enveloped by the divine and therefore must be used with restraint and respect. It prescribes sustainable living by advising ___ __________ _______ _______ ________ ___.
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