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The Early Historic urban centres of South India, which developed roughly between 600 BCE and 300 CE, exhibit a set of characteristics that reflect both indigenous developments and influences from broader interregional interactions. These centres were shaped by economic, political, social, and cultural dynamics and represent a significant stage in the urbanisation process of South India. One of the most notable characteristics of these early urban centres was their strategic location. Many of these settlements emerged along major rivers, coastal regions, and trade routes. Rivers such as the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri not only provided water for domestic use and irrigation but also facilitated internal communication and transport. Coastal towns such as Arikamedu and Kaveripattinam became crucial hubs for maritime trade, connecting South India to Southeast Asia and the Roman world. These strategic locations allowed for the accumulation of wealth, stimulated commercial activities, and contributed to the emergence of a class of merchants and artisans. Another defining feature was the presence of planned settlements and well-organised urban layouts. Excavations at sites like Arikamedu, Adichanallur, and Kodumanal reveal systematic town planning with clearly demarcated residential, commercial, and craft areas. Streets were often laid out in grid-like patterns, and buildings were constructed with durable materials, including bricks and stone. This indicates not only an understanding of urban design but also the existence of skilled labour ____ __________ ____ _____ __________ _________ ________.
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