) Discuss the causes and pathophysiology of Chronic kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible condition that affects the kidneys' ability to function properly. It is a global health problem, with millions of people suffering from its consequences. CKD significantly impacts the quality of life and increases the risk of cardiovascular complications. Understanding the causes and pathophysiology of CKD is crucial for early detection, management, and prevention of the disease.

Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease:

1. Diabetes Mellitus:
Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD. Persistent high blood glucose levels in diabetes can damage the small blood vessels and nephrons (the filtering units of the kidneys). This condition, known as diabetic nephropathy, gradually impairs kidney function over time.

2. Hypertension:
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