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The beginning of evolutionary thought in the context of culture and society marked a pivotal shift in how human social development was understood. Emerging during the Enlightenment and gaining momentum in the 19th century, early theories of social evolution sought to apply the principles of biological evolution to human societies. These thinkers attempted to chart the progress of humanity from so-called "primitive" stages to "civilized" ones, often with Eurocentric biases. Their works laid the foundational ideas for later anthropological and sociological theories, although they have since been critiqued and reinterpreted in light of more inclusive and complex understandings of cultural dynamics. The idea of social evolution gained early traction during the Enlightenment period, as thinkers began to challenge religious and mythological explanations of human origin and societal organization. Philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Thomas Hobbes speculated about the 'state of nature' and imagined different stages through which societies must have evolved. Though not systematic evolutionary theorists, they introduced the idea that human societies had historical trajectories, developing from simpler to more complex forms. Hobbes, for example, viewed the natural state of man as one of chaos and violence, with organized society representing an evolutionary advancement brought about through a social contract. Rousseau, on the other hand, idealized the ‘noble savage’ and posited that society's development led to corruption and inequality, framing evolution in moral rather than material terms. A more scientific framework began to take shape in the 19th century with the publication of Charles Darwin’s *On the Origin of Species* (1859). Though Darwin himself focused _______ ________ ________ ____ __________ __________ ______ ________ ___ ________.
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