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The economy of South Africa in ancient and medieval times was shaped by a combination of indigenous practices, trade, agriculture, and the arrival of external influences over the centuries. Although the term "economy" in a modern sense cannot be fully applied to ancient and medieval South Africa, it is possible to analyze the economic structures and practices that prevailed among the different communities that lived in the region during those times. In ancient South Africa, the economy was primarily subsistence-based. Early inhabitants like the San (Bushmen) and Khoikhoi (Hottentots) engaged in hunting, gathering, and pastoralism. The San were skilled hunters and gatherers who relied on a deep understanding of the environment to collect roots, berries, and medicinal herbs, and to hunt game using bows, arrows, and poisoned tips. The Khoikhoi, who arrived later, practiced nomadic pastoralism and raised sheep and cattle, which were symbols of wealth and social status. Livestock, particularly cattle, held significant economic and cultural value, being used not only for food and trade but also in social transactions such as marriage (bridewealth or lobola). By the first millennium CE, Bantu-speaking communities began migrating into South Africa from the north. These groups brought with them knowledge of agriculture, ironworking, and settled village life. The Bantu peoples practiced mixed farming, cultivating crops like millet, sorghum, and later maize, and raising livestock. The advent of iron technology allowed for more efficient farming and hunting and led to the development of specialized crafts such as blacksmithing, pottery, and weaving, which gradually created surplus goods and spurred local trade. The development of metallurgy in the interior regions, such as in the Limpopo and ___ __________ __________ ___ _________ ___ __________ _____ ______.
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