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Class stratification in tribal society has been a subject of sociological and anthropological interest for decades. Traditionally, tribal communities have been considered more egalitarian in nature compared to caste-based or feudal societies. The notion of equality and collective living has often been highlighted as their central characteristic. However, a closer examination reveals that tribal societies are not completely free from stratification or differentiation. Instead of rigid and hereditary class divisions like caste in Hindu society, tribal societies exhibit forms of stratification that are based on economic resources, political authority, ritual status, gender roles, and kinship ties. These divisions are subtle, flexible, and often contextual, but they influence power distribution, resource allocation, and social status within the tribal community. The first important dimension of class stratification in tribal society emerges from economic differentiation. While many tribes follow subsistence economies based on shifting cultivation, hunting, gathering, or pastoralism, economic change has introduced disparities. Some families or clans control more fertile land, livestock, or access to forest produce, which raises their economic position relative to others. With the penetration of the market economy, certain tribal individuals have taken up wage labor, small-scale trade, or even formal employment, resulting in new economic hierarchies. For example, those who adopt settled agriculture or manage to secure government jobs often enjoy higher prestige and wealth, while others remain marginalized and dependent on subsistence-level resources. This economic stratification gradually leads to differentiation between the rich and the poor, even within a community that originally had collective modes of production. A second dimension of stratification is political authority. Tribal societies often organize themselves under traditional chiefs, headmen, or councils of elders. Leadership in such societies may be hereditary or based on age, wisdom, and personal qualities. While theoretically such positions are meant to serve the community, in practice they often confer status and privileges on the holders and their families. The power to resolve disputes, distribute resources, and represent _____ _____ __________ _________ ______ _______ ______ ________ ______ ________ ________ ________.
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