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India’s economic development over the past few decades has been rapid and transformative. From a primarily agrarian economy, India has emerged as a global player in services, manufacturing, and information technology. However, this rapid growth has brought with it a host of environmental challenges. As the country continues its pursuit of development, the pressure on natural resources and ecosystems has increased, posing serious threats to sustainability and quality of life. A comparative analysis with other developing economies shows that while India has achieved significant gains in economic terms, the environmental costs have also been steep. Addressing these challenges is essential for ensuring that development is not only inclusive but also sustainable. One of the primary environmental challenges facing India is air pollution. Cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Kanpur frequently report air quality indices in the “severe” category. The causes of this include emissions from vehicles, industrial pollution, construction dust, burning of biomass, and seasonal stubble burning in agricultural regions. India is home to more than 20 of the world’s most polluted cities according to WHO data. This pollution not only affects public health — increasing the incidence of asthma, lung cancer, and cardiovascular diseases — but also impacts productivity, agricultural output, and visibility. Closely related to air pollution is the issue of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. As the third-largest emitter of carbon dioxide after China and the United States, India faces global scrutiny for its emission levels. While India’s per capita emissions are still below the global average, the absolute emissions continue to rise due to industrial growth, coal-based power generation, ________ ______ _____ _______ ________ _________.
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