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Protective relays are essential components in electrical power systems, designed to detect faults and abnormal operating conditions and to initiate appropriate corrective actions, usually by tripping circuit breakers. The primary function of a protective relay is to monitor electrical quantities such as current, voltage, frequency, and power, and to compare them with preset thresholds. Upon detecting a deviation that indicates a fault or unsafe condition, the relay sends a trip signal to circuit breakers to isolate the faulty section from the rest of the electrical network, ensuring safety of equipment, personnel, and continuity of supply. The working of protective relays begins with the measurement of electrical parameters using current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs). These transformers step down high voltages and currents to measurable levels suitable for the relay. The relay continuously monitors these signals in real time. Depending ______ _________ _________ ____ ________ _________ _______ ___.
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