Describe the various methods of creating point defects. Discuss the constructive (positive) effect of dislocations in materials.
Point defects in crystalline solids are created by several physical and chemical methods that disturb the ideal atomic arrangement. Thermal agitation is the most common method, where vacancies and interstitials are generated at elevated temperatures due to increased atomic vibrations, and their concentration follows thermodynamic equilibrium. Irradiation by high-energy particles such _______ __________ ______ ____ ______ _____ ________ _________ _______ __________ __________.
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. What is the equilibrium vacancy concentration in nickel at
?
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Describe the various methods of creating point defects. Discuss the constructive (positive) effect of dislocations in materials.
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