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Earthing is a fundamental safety measure in electrical systems designed to protect both personnel and equipment from electric shocks and electrical faults. Its primary role is to provide a low-resistance path for stray electrical currents to flow safely into the ground, thereby preventing dangerous voltage build-up on exposed metallic parts of electrical equipment. When an insulation failure or accidental contact occurs, the fault current is directed to the earth instead of passing through a human body, significantly reducing the risk of electric shock. Proper earthing ensures that metallic parts of machines, appliances, and electrical panels are at earth potential, minimizing the likelihood of electrical accidents in both industrial and domestic environments. In mechanical and electrical systems, earthing also protects sensitive ______ ____ ______ ______ _________ ___ ___ _______ _________ ________ _____.
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