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The freedom movement in pre-Independence India had a profound impact on the development of science and technology, shaping both the institutional and intellectual landscape of the country. During the colonial period, scientific research in India was largely influenced by British priorities, focusing on administration, agriculture, and public health, often to serve the interests of the colonial economy rather than indigenous development. However, as the nationalist movement gained momentum, there emerged a parallel emphasis on scientific self-reliance and the revival of traditional knowledge systems, which laid the foundation for modern scientific institutions in India. One of the most visible impacts of the freedom movement was the establishment of Indian-led scientific institutions. Leaders of the nationalist movement recognized that scientific progress _______ __________ _________ _________ ________ ________ ________ _______ _______ ___.
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