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A newborn undergoes a rapid transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life. During this period, the baby is vulnerable to various medical problems because of immature body systems, low immunity, difficulties in adaptation, and complications related to pregnancy, labour, delivery, or prematurity. Early recognition and appropriate management of these problems are essential components of maternal and newborn nursing care. Common medical problems of newborns include birth asphyxia, prematurity, low birth weight, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, neonatal jaundice, respiratory distress, infections, feeding difficulties, birth injuries, congenital abnormalities, and neonatal convulsions. Birth asphyxia is one of the important emergencies in the newborn. It occurs when the baby does not establish adequate breathing immediately after birth, resulting in inadequate oxygenation. It may be associated with prolonged or obstructed labour, placental problems, cord compression, maternal complications, or fetal distress. The newborn may have poor respiratory effort, cyanosis, weak muscle tone, or an abnormal heart rate. Immediate assessment and resuscitation are necessary. The nurse should maintain warmth, position the airway appropriately, assess breathing and circulation, provide stimulation when indicated, and assist with neonatal resuscitation according to established protocols. Prematurity is another common problem. A preterm newborn is born before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Premature babies have immature respiratory, neurological, digestive, and immune systems. They may experience respiratory distress, difficulty maintaining body temperature, feeding problems, hypoglycaemia, jaundice, and increased susceptibility to infection. Nursing care includes maintaining a _________ _________ ______ _____ ___ _______ _____ _________.
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