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Since independence, India has recognized housing as a critical component of rural development, given the close link between adequate shelter, health, and overall socio-economic well-being. The government has launched numerous housing programs over the decades to address rural housing shortages, improve living conditions, and promote socio-economic equity among marginalized groups. The focus of these programs has been particularly on the economically weaker sections (EWS), scheduled castes (SC), scheduled tribes (ST), and women-headed households. One of the earliest initiatives was the Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY), launched in 1985, which aimed to provide financial assistance for constructing houses for rural poor families living below the poverty line. The program targeted households without adequate shelter and emphasized the participation of local communities in identifying beneficiaries. IAY provided assistance in the form of cash subsidies, technical support, and materials, encouraging self-help construction while promoting the use of locally available building materials. The scheme also sought to integrate housing construction with other development priorities, such as sanitation, drinking water, and electrification. Over time, IAY evolved to address the ______ _________ _________ _____ _______ _______ __________ _______ __________ ____.
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