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Solar radiation is one of the most important renewable energy resources available on Earth. The amount of solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface varies depending on geographical location, time of day, atmospheric conditions, and season. Accurate measurement of solar radiation is essential for designing solar energy systems, studying climate patterns, and conducting meteorological research. Various instruments are used to measure different components of solar radiation, such as direct radiation, diffuse radiation, and total global radiation. Among these instruments, the pyranometer and pyrheliometer are two widely used devices for measuring solar radiation. A pyranometer is an instrument used to measure global solar radiation received on a horizontal surface. Global radiation includes both direct solar radiation coming straight from the sun and diffuse radiation scattered by the atmosphere. The pyranometer is commonly used in solar energy studies, weather stations, and climate research because it provides reliable information about the total solar energy available at a particular location. The basic construction of a pyranometer includes a thermopile sensor, a glass dome, a black absorbing surface, and a protective casing. The thermopile consists of several thermocouples connected in series. These thermocouples are made of two different metals joined together at junctions. When solar radiation falls on the black absorbing surface, it absorbs the energy and becomes warmer than the surrounding environment. This temperature difference between the absorbing surface and the reference junction generates a small voltage in the thermopile according to the thermoelectric principle. The voltage produced is proportional to the intensity of solar radiation falling on the surface. The glass dome placed over _________ ______ ________ ________ __________ ______ _________ ______.
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