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Environmental movements in India have a long and diverse history that reflects the deep relationship between communities and their natural surroundings. These movements have emerged both as struggles for survival and as expressions of ecological consciousness, often rooted in the lived realities of rural and tribal communities. Unlike Western environmental movements, which were largely the product of post-industrial ecological awareness, India’s environmental struggles have often been mass-based, motivated by livelihood concerns, and tied to the need for protecting forests, rivers, and land. The history of these movements can be traced from the colonial period, through the independence era, to post-independence development projects, which frequently marginalized local communities and caused large-scale environmental degradation. During the colonial period, the British introduced exploitative forest policies that restricted traditional rights of local people over forest resources. Commercial forestry led to deforestation, displacement of tribal populations, and ecological imbalances. Local communities resisted such policies through small but significant uprisings, such as the Bishnoi movement in Rajasthan. The Bishnois, dating back to the 15th century but continuing into the colonial period, believed in the sanctity of nature and sacrificed their lives to prevent the felling of trees. This tradition of linking religious-cultural practices with ecological protection laid the foundation for later environmental struggles in India. Similarly, peasant uprisings like the Santhal rebellion and tribal revolts were responses not only to colonial exploitation but also to environmental alienation from forests and land. In the post-independence period, the state pursued a development model that prioritized industrial growth, large dams, and urban expansion, often at the expense of the environment and the rights of marginalized groups. It is in this context that many people’s movements for environmental conservation emerged. One of the most significant was the Chipko Movement of the 1970s, which originated in ___ ____ ___ _________ ________ _____ _________ _____ ____ _______ _________ ______.
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