Define saline and alkaline soils. Discuss the soil properties that are important for aquaculture.

Saline and alkaline soils pose unique challenges for agricultural and aquaculture practices. Saline soils contain high concentrations of soluble salts, primarily sodium chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonates. These salts accumulate due to poor drainage, arid climates, or irrigation with salt-laden water. Electrical conductivity (EC) exceeding 4 dS/m at 25°C is commonly used to classify such soils. Alkaline soils, on the other hand, exhibit high pH levels (typically above 8.5), resulting from an excessive concentration of sodium carbonates and bicarbonates. These soils often have poor physical structure and hinder water infiltration and nutrient availability.

### Soil Properties Important for Aquaculture

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