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Peace building, as a process, extends far beyond the cessation of armed conflict. It is not only about ending war but also about addressing the deep-rooted causes of violence and creating conditions in which peace can be sustained. In the field of peace and conflict management, peace building is understood as a comprehensive effort to transform societies emerging from conflict into stable, inclusive, and cooperative communities. However, this task is far from easy. Structural challenges often obstruct these efforts, making peace building a fragile and prolonged undertaking. Critically examining these structural challenges is crucial to understanding why many post-conflict societies relapse into violence or continue to experience instability despite formal agreements. One of the foremost structural challenges lies in weak political institutions. In societies emerging from conflict, state institutions are often fragile, lacking both legitimacy and capacity. Governments may be unable to enforce the rule of law, protect citizens, or deliver basic services. When political institutions are viewed as corrupt or exclusionary, they fail to command trust from citizens, especially marginalized groups. This institutional weakness creates a power vacuum that can easily be exploited by spoilers, warlords, or criminal networks, perpetuating cycles of instability. Without functioning institutions that are perceived as fair and accountable, peace building remains superficial, as the structural basis of governance itself is unstable. Another major challenge is economic inequality and underdevelopment. Conflicts often devastate national economies, destroying infrastructure, reducing employment, and disrupting livelihoods. Yet even before conflict, economic inequality is frequently a root cause of violence. When post-conflict reconstruction fails to address these inequalities, the grievances that fueled violence in the first place remain unresolved. For example, when wealth and resources are concentrated in the hands of elites while large segments of the population remain impoverished, peace agreements often appear hollow to ordinary citizens. Moreover, international donors frequently prioritize macroeconomic ____ __________ _________ ______ _____ __________ ____ ____.
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