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Peace building, as a process, extends far beyond the cessation of armed conflict. It is not only about ending war but also about addressing the deep-rooted causes of violence and creating conditions in which peace can be sustained. In the field of peace and conflict management, peace building is understood as a comprehensive effort to transform societies emerging from conflict into stable, inclusive, and cooperative communities. However, this task is far from easy. Structural challenges often obstruct these efforts, making peace building a fragile and prolonged undertaking. Critically examining these structural challenges is crucial to understanding why many post-conflict societies relapse into violence or continue to experience instability despite formal agreements. One of the foremost structural challenges lies in weak political institutions. In societies emerging from conflict, state institutions are often fragile, lacking both legitimacy and capacity. Governments may be unable to enforce the rule of law, protect citizens, or deliver basic services. When political institutions are viewed as corrupt or exclusionary, they fail to command trust from citizens, especially marginalized groups. This institutional weakness creates a power vacuum that can easily be exploited by spoilers, warlords, or criminal networks, perpetuating cycles of instability. Without functioning institutions that are perceived as fair ____ _______ ___ ____ __________ ____ ___ ________ __________ ____ _______.
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