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The role of the State has undergone significant transformation over the past few decades, influenced by the forces of globalization, technological advancement, economic liberalization, and socio-political change. Traditionally, the State has been viewed as a central actor in governance, responsible for ensuring law and order, providing public goods, regulating the economy, and safeguarding national sovereignty. The classical notion of the State, rooted in the Weberian perspective, emphasized its monopoly over legitimate use of force, its administrative capacity, and its responsibility to ensure welfare and security of citizens. However, in contemporary times, this traditional conception has been challenged and reshaped by multiple internal and external pressures, resulting in a more complex and multifaceted role of the State. One of the most notable changes in the role of the State is the shift from a welfare-oriented and interventionist model to a regulatory and enabling model, particularly in the context of economic governance. Post-World War II, many States, especially in Europe and parts of Asia, adopted welfare policies with substantial involvement in industrial planning, social security, and public ownership. The State functioned as a direct provider of services and a regulator of the economy. However, the late twentieth century witnessed a global trend toward neoliberalism, characterized by deregulation, privatization of public enterprises, and reduction in direct State intervention in economic activities. The contemporary State increasingly positions itself as a facilitator of markets rather than a controller, focusing on creating an enabling environment for private enterprise and foreign investment. The rise of institutions like the World Bank, IMF, and WTO has also constrained the autonomy of national States, pushing them toward policy frameworks that prioritize competitiveness, fiscal prudence, and liberalization. Globalization has further transformed the State’s role by altering ______ ________ _______ __________ _____ _______ ________ _______ _________.
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