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Globalization has significantly transformed the structure and functioning of the contemporary global economy by integrating markets, production systems, and financial networks across national borders. Among the major drivers of this transformation are multinational corporations (MNCs), international financial institutions (IFIs), and global trade agreements. These institutions and frameworks have contributed to economic growth, technological advancement, and international cooperation. However, they have also generated criticism due to concerns related to inequality, economic dependency, and loss of policy autonomy for developing nations. Multinational corporations play a dominant role in shaping the global economy by expanding production and investment beyond national boundaries. MNCs facilitate global integration by transferring technology, managerial expertise, and capital to host countries. In developing economies, foreign direct investment from MNCs often leads to job creation, infrastructure development, and industrial growth. These corporations operate through global supply chains, enabling efficient production processes by sourcing raw materials and labor from multiple countries. The spread of manufacturing and service industries across regions has increased productivity and consumer access to diverse products at competitive prices. However, the influence of MNCs is not without challenges. Critics argue that MNCs often exploit cheaper labor markets in developing countries, leading to concerns regarding labor rights and working conditions. Additionally, profit repatriation by foreign corporations can limit domestic capital accumulation. ___ _________ _____ ___ ________ ______ _________ _________ _______ _____.
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