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Confirmational holism is the epistemological view that individual scientific hypotheses or statements cannot be tested or confirmed in isolation but only as part of a broader web of beliefs or theoretical framework. This idea is closely associated with philosophers like Willard Van Orman Quine and Pierre Duhem, leading to the Duhem-Quine thesis. According to this view, when an empirical test fails __________ ____ ______ ___ _______.
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