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Urbanisation is one of the most significant features of modern development. It refers to the increasing concentration of population in urban areas due to industrialisation, economic opportunities, improved infrastructure, and migration from rural regions. Urbanisation is often considered an indicator of economic progress because cities function as centres of industry, commerce, education, innovation, governance, and culture. However, rapid and unplanned urbanisation creates multiple social, economic, environmental, administrative, and infrastructural challenges. In the context of Urban Local Governance, managing urban growth while ensuring sustainable development has become a major concern for governments and urban local bodies. Urbanisation has accelerated worldwide due to technological advancement, globalisation, and expanding service sectors. In developing countries like India, urban growth has been particularly rapid because of rural-to-urban migration driven by employment opportunities, better healthcare, educational facilities, and improved living standards. The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 strengthened urban local governance by providing constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), enabling them to plan and manage urban development through Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils, and Nagar Panchayats. One of the foremost challenges of urbanisation is population pressure. Rapid migration to cities often exceeds their carrying capacity. Urban infrastructure such as roads, water supply, sanitation systems, drainage networks, public transport, and housing fails to keep pace with the growing population. This leads to overcrowding, traffic congestion, and declining quality of urban services. Urban Local Bodies frequently struggle to provide adequate civic amenities due to limited financial and administrative resources. Housing shortage is another major issue associated with urbanisation. The increasing demand for affordable housing has resulted in the expansion of slums and informal settlements. A large section of the urban poor lives in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions without access to safe drinking water, sanitation, electricity, or healthcare facilities. Slums often emerge on environmentally sensitive lands, increasing vulnerability to floods, landslides, and other disasters. Although government initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) aim to provide affordable housing, implementation challenges remain significant. Urban poverty presents another critical challenge. While cities generate employment opportunities, they also exhibit ________ ____ ______ _________ _________ _________ _______ _________ _____ _________ _________.
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