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Demographic processes are fundamental mechanisms shaping the structure and dynamics of human populations, and they contribute significantly to the understanding of biological diversity in human populations. Fertility, mortality, and migration are the three primary demographic processes that directly influence population growth, age composition, and genetic variation over time. Fertility refers to the actual reproductive performance of a population, often measured through indicators like crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and age-specific fertility rate. It determines the rate at which new individuals are added to a population and is influenced by biological, socio-cultural, economic, and environmental factors. Biological factors include age at ________ _______ ________ _____ ____ _________ _______ ______ _________ __________ ____.
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