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Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction (DRR) involves integrating strategies and practices to minimize the impacts of hazards into development planning and daily governance. It requires a combination of structural and non-structural measures to effectively reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience. Structural measures refer to physical interventions designed to prevent or mitigate the impact of disasters. These include the construction of dams, levees, stormwater drainage systems, cyclone shelters, earthquake-resistant buildings, and retrofitting of existing infrastructure to withstand hazards. For example, in flood-prone areas, embankments and floodwalls help contain excess water, while earthquake-prone zones benefit from buildings designed to resist seismic forces. Structural measures also involve technological interventions such as early warning systems, hazard mapping, and monitoring networks. These physical interventions directly reduce the exposure ______ __________ ___ ____ ________ ____.
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