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The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 represents a transformative framework aimed at reimagining the Indian education system to make it more holistic, flexible, multidisciplinary, and aligned to the needs of the 21st century. In the context of school education, the NEP 2020 brings significant reforms, especially in the educational and curricular structure, pedagogy, assessment reforms, and teacher development. One of the most prominent and visible recommendations of the NEP 2020 with respect to school education is the replacement of the traditional 10+2 structure with a new 5+3+3+4 curricular structure. This structure is designed to correspond to the age groups of 3–8 years (Foundational Stage), 8–11 years (Preparatory Stage), 11–14 years (Middle Stage), and 14–18 years (Secondary Stage). This reconfiguration is intended to reflect the cognitive developmental stages of children, emphasizing early childhood care and education (ECCE) and ensuring continuity and progression across grades. The Foundational Stage includes three years of pre-primary education and two years of Grade 1 and 2. It emphasizes play-based, activity-based, and discovery-based learning. The foundational years are seen as the most critical in shaping a child’s cognitive, emotional, and social growth. NEP stresses the importance of using the mother tongue or regional language as the medium of instruction at this stage to enhance comprehension and expression. The Preparatory Stage, covering Grades 3 to 5, transitions into more formal classroom learning while maintaining play and activity-based pedagogy. Focus is given to developing foundational literacy and numeracy, which is considered the highest priority of NEP 2020. The National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN), known as NIPUN Bharat, was launched to ensure that every child in Grade 3 achieves desired learning outcomes in reading and numeracy. The Middle __________ __________ ______ _________ ______ _______ ___ _______ ___ ____ __________.
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