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The global circulation of air is explained through the three-cell air circulation model, which describes the movement of atmospheric air in each hemisphere of the Earth. This model helps in understanding the distribution of temperature, pressure belts, wind systems, and climatic conditions across the globe. The circulation pattern develops because the Earth receives unequal heating from the Sun and rotates on its axis. The equatorial regions receive maximum solar energy, while the polar regions receive minimum heat. This unequal heating creates pressure differences that drive atmospheric circulation. The rotation of the Earth further modifies the direction of winds through the Coriolis force. The atmosphere in each hemisphere is divided into three major circulation cells known as the Hadley Cell, Ferrel Cell, and Polar Cell. The Hadley Cell operates between the Equator and about 30° latitude in both hemispheres. The Equator experiences intense heating because the Sun’s rays fall almost vertically throughout the year. The heated air becomes lighter and rises upward, creating a zone of low pressure called the Equatorial Low Pressure Belt or Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). As the warm air rises, it expands __________ ___ _________ _____ ___ _________ _________ __________ _________.
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