सल्तनत में ग्रामीण मध्यस्थ वर्ग

The rural intermediary class during the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) and Mughal period (1526–1707) played a crucial role in agrarian administration, revenue collection, and local governance. This class primarily included the khuts, muqaddams, chaudhuris, and zamindars. Their status and functions underwent significant changes across different dynasties and administrative reforms.

Under the Delhi Sultanate, the state’s primary concern was to extract land revenue efficiently. The intermediaries—especially the khuts and muqaddams—acted as village-level functionaries who ________ ______ ________ _____ ________ _____ _______ ____ ___ _____ ________.
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