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Merton’s Strain Theory, developed by Robert K. Merton in 1938, provides a sociological explanation for deviant behavior by linking societal structures with individual actions. The theory is rooted in the concept of anomie, initially introduced by Émile Durkheim, which refers to a state of normlessness in society. Merton argued that societies set culturally approved goals, such as wealth, success, and social status, and prescribe institutionalized means to achieve them, such as education, employment, and lawful conduct. However, when there is a disjunction between these goals and the means available to individuals to attain them, strain occurs, leading to deviance. This framework is particularly relevant to social work and criminal justice because it helps to understand why individuals engage in crime and how social inequalities contribute to criminal behavior. In the Indian context, Merton’s Strain Theory offers valuable insights into the structural causes of crime and deviance. Indian society places a strong emphasis on material success, upward mobility, and respectability, which are often linked to economic prosperity, education, and social standing. However, deep-rooted inequalities in caste, class, gender, and regional development limit access to legitimate opportunities for many sections of the population. This creates a significant strain, pushing some individuals to resort to deviant behavior to achieve culturally valued goals. Merton identified five modes of individual adaptation to strain: conformity, innovation, ____ _____ ___ ____ ___ _________ _____.
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