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Explain the functioning of Programmed I/O. What are its advantages and disadvantages? For what kind of architecture would you like to use Programmed I/O? Explain when an I/O processoris needed in a computer system.

What are the different types of Interrupts? How is an interrupt processed? What is the need for DMA even though there exists an Interrupt driven I/O mechanism? Explain the functions of DMA.

Explain the following cache to the main memory mapping scheme with the help of an example and a suitable diagram.
(i) Directcache mapping
(ii) Four-way set associative cache mapping

What is DRAM? Why is it used as the main memory of a computer? How is it different that the cache memory? Explain the data organisation of a Hard disk with the help of a diagram. What is CLV? What are its advantages and disadvantages? How can you overcome the disadvantages of CLV?

Represent (-78.25)10 and (0.03125)10 in IEEE 754 single precision format.

Explain the functioning of a 3-bitripple counter with the help of a diagram.

Explain the functioning of the T flip-flop with the help of a logic diagram and characteristic table. Also, explain the excitation table of this flip-flop.

Assume that a source data value of 1110 was received at a destination as 1100. Show how Hamming's Error-Correcting code will be appended to source data, so this error of one bit is identified and corrected at the destination. You April assume that error while transmission occurs only in the source data and not in the code

Explain the functioning of a 38decoder. You should draw its truth table and explain its logic diagram with the help of example input.

Consider the Adder-Subtractor circuit given in Unit 3 of Block 1. Explain how this circuit will perform subtraction (A-B) if the value of A is 0001 and B is 1101. You must list all the bit values including Cin and Cout and overflow condition.

Simplify the following function using K-map:F(A, B, C, D) = Σ (1, 3, 5, 7, 13, 15). Draw the resultant circuit for the function using NAND gates.

Perform the following conversion of numbers:
(i) Decimal (5432109876)10 to binary and hexadecimal.
(ii) Hexadecimal (FCEB9A86)h to Octal.
(iii) String “ABCD987$@&” to UTF 16
(iv) Octal (10235647)Oto Decimal

List the differences between von Neumann and Harvard architecture.

Define the main features of von Neumann's architecture with the help of a diagram.

Differentiate between the following with the help of suitable example for each :
a. Co-routines and subroutines
b. Co-routines and threads