Write short notes on any two of the following: 
a) Chalcolithic cultures of western, central and eastern India.
b) Disintegration of Gupta empire.
c) Developments in religion in the post Gupta period.
d) Tamil heroic poems. 

Briefly discuss the expansions of trade and urban centres in North India between 200 BC– 305 AD. 

Write a note on the economy and society under the Gupta rulers. 

Examine the nature of state formation in Tamilham in the early period. 

Examine the nature of state formation in Tamilham in the early period. 

Describe the main features of the central administration of the Mauryan. 

Explain the factors which led to the rise of Buddhism Give an account of its teaching and developmen

Examine the various theories regarding the decline of Harappan civilization. 

iii. Russification in the Baltic 

iv. French colonialism in Africa

Write short notes on any two of the following:
 

i. Reform Act of 1832.

ii. Secret Society Movement

Write a note on Weimer republic and liberal democracy in Germany.
                                                                         Or
Explain the rise of Nazism in Germany

How did the colonial domination in indirect rule work? Answer with reference to Latin
America.
                                                                      Or
“The rivalries between the great powers in Europe ultimately culminated in First World
War”. Comment.

Elaborate the measures taken by the British state towards modernization.
                                                                   Or
Write a note on the revolutionary movement in Europe between 1820s and 1830s.

Discuss the political background of Italian nationalism.
                                                          Or
What was the process of integration and formation of national identity in Britain?

Explain the rise and development of industrial capitalism in Britain in 18th
-19th century.
Or
How did the landlord and peasant classes integrate into the capitalist economy in Europe?
Explain by referring to regional variation in the process. 

Discuss the factors which led to the American Revolution. Or Analyse the role of diverse social interests, social groups, popular participation and philosophers in the overthrow of ancien regime in France.

(i) The Bronze Age

 (ii) Denotified Tribes

 (iii) Family as an institution 

(iv) The first Five Year Plan

Briefly comment on the evolution of human being as a thinking animal.

. What was the contribution of Gandhiji to freedom movement of our country? Briefly discuss.

Who are the Scheduled Tribes?