Write the various steps in the establishment of bacterial infection.

Cyclodevelopmental Transmission and Vertical Transmission

Propagative Transmission and Cyclopropagative Transmission

What is the vaccine? Explain the mode of action of vaccine. Write about the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination.

Explain vector-pathogen relationship.

Self and non-self antigens

Distinguish between the following insect orders based on the clue given in parentheses.

i) Mallophaga and Anoplura (Mouth parts)

ii) Heteroptera and Homoptera (Forewings)

iii) Diptera and Strepsiptera (Reduced wings)

iv) Isoptera and Hymenoptera (Joining of thorax and abdomen)

MHC class-I and II molecules

Active and Passive immunity

Helper "T" cells and cytotoxic "T" cells

Agglutination Reactions

Discuss the reproduction and metamorphosis in insects. 

DNA Vaccines

Opsonization

Monoclonal antibodies

Typical structure of the wing

Leg modification in insects

Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA)

Hinge region of the antibody

Haematopoiesis