Enlist any five characteristics of ideal support material for liquid-liquid partition chromatography.

Draw van Deemter plot. What conclusions can be drawn on the basis of reducing zone broadening?

Brief explain the concept of theoretical plates.

Discuss the role of masking agents in solvent extraction.

With the help of suitable examples, describe the extraction of anionic metal complexes by high molecular weight amines.

Describe salient features of extractions using crown ethers.

Explain percentage extraction. Derive the expression for it.

Discuss various criteria used for the selection of separation methods.

Briefly explain the separation methods based on surface activity.

What is inductively coupled plasma (ICP)? What are the two types of ICP instruments? Can you determine all elements by ICP?

Briefly describe the role of computers in analytical instrumentation.

Explain supersaturation and nucleation in context with gravimetric analysis.

Give the curve for precipitation titration of Br' with Ag⁺. Explain it.

Lead-EDTA chelate having the formula PbY^2- has a formation constant of 1.1X10¹⁴. Compute the conditional formation constants at a pH = 10. (value of ay^4- at pH of 10 is 0.36).

What are the key steps in designing a typical complexometric determination? How are they advantageous over precipitation titrations?

What are the factors that affect stability of metal-ligand complexes? Elaborate on any two of them.

Calculate the redox potential of Sn⁴⁺, Sn²⁺ system, if the Sn⁴⁺ ion concentration is 1 g ion/dm³ and the Sa²⁺ ion concentration is 0.001 g ion/dm³.

Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by adding 25 cm³ of 0.20 M NaOH to 30 cm³ of 0.40 M acetic acid.

What is indicator error? How the indicator should be selected for a given titration?

Write the chemical equations for the leveling of HCIO₄, HCI and HNO₃ in methanol. Also give the steps in which phosphoric acid dissociates.