Write and run following programs using 8086 assembly language.

(a) Write and run an Assembly language program that converts a packed 4 digit BCD number that has been stored in two consecutive byte locations in the memory, into an equivalent binary number. The output should be stored in DX register. For example, if two consecutive byte locations have BCD values (12) and (34) then output will be binary equivalent of (1234)to which is (0000 0100 1101 0010)2. This binary value will be stored in DX register.

(b) Write and run (using appropriate calling program) a near procedure in 8086 assembly language that checks if the input parameter has a value less than 5. If the value is less than 5 then subroutines displays the line "Parameter value is less than 5" else it displays "Parameter value is >-5".

(c) Write and run an 8086 assembly language program that finds the factorial of the value stored in BH register. You may assume that BH register will store a maximum value 8. Thus, you need not handle the overflow.

Design a two bit counter circuit that counts from 0 to 2. It should have states 00, 01 and 10. The initial state of the counter may be assumed to be 00. The counter will be in following successive states: 00, 01, 10, 00, 01, 10, 00, 01, 10, 00 ... Use J-K flip flop to design the circuit. You must design the circuit using state transition diagram and Karnaugh's maps.

Define Depreciation. Explain the need and significance of depreciation. What factors should be considered for determining the amount of depreciation?

Distinguish Single-Entry System from Double-Entry System.

What is a Single-Entry System? State its features and limitations.

Explain the accounting concepts which guide the accountant at the recording stage.

Normal Loss and Abnormal Loss

Account Sales and invoice

Ordinary Commission and Del Credere Commission

Non-recurring and Recurring Expenses

From the following figures prepare Trading and Profit and Loss Account of Lakshmi & Co. for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The stock on December 31, 2023 was valued at Rs. 26,000

Explain the role of preprocessor directives in C. Write a C program that uses macros to define constants and perform inline calculations. Discuss the use of conditional compilation directives to create a program that behaves differently based on defined macros. Analyze the benefits and limitations of using preprocessor directives in C programming.

Explain the concept of file handling in C. Write a C program to read data from a file, process the data (such as calculating the sum and average of numbers), and write the results to another file. Discuss the various modes of file opening and the importance of closing files.

What are structures in C, and how are they used? Write a C program that defines a structure to store student information (name, roll number, and marks) and includes functions to input, display, and sort the student records by marks. Explain the advantages of using structures for complex data.

Explain the concept of pointers in C and their various uses. Write a C program that uses pointers to perform operations on arrays, including finding the maximum and minimum values, and reversing the array. Discuss the advantages and potential pitfalls of using pointers.

Without using the built-in string functions, write a C program to take a choice from the user (use a SWITCH statement) (i) to find the string length (ii) for string concatenation, (iii) string copy and (iv) string comparison.

Write a C program to perform division on 2 matrices A and B of size NXN and store the result in matrix C.

Write a C program to find the sum of all elements in an array.

Discuss the differences between iterative and recursive approaches in solving problems. Write C programs to compute the factorial of a number using both iterative and recursive methods. Compare their performance and memory usage.

Explain circular permutation and its application in problem solving with en example.