धर्म की समझ पर समाजगास्त्रीय दृष्टिकोण पर चर्चा कीजिए।

 ब्राड्रन साहित्य

 ब्राड्रन साहित्य

 ब्राड्रन साहित्य

Nearly nine years ago, on a warm autumn evening in 1945, I was driving over the mountains of Southern Japan to the city of Nagasaki. I thought I was still in open country when all at once I realized that I was already crossing what had been the city. The shadows which flickered past me in the dusk were not rocks and trees: they were crushed buildings; the bare and skewed ribs of factories, and two crumpled gasometers.

The scale of the damage of Nagasaki drained the blood from my heart then, and does so now when I speak of it. For three miles my road lay through a desert which man had made in a second. Now, nine years later, the hydrogen bomb is ready to dwarf this scale, and to turn each mile of destruction into ten miles. And citizens and scientists share at one another and ask: 'How did we blunder into this nightmare?

I put this first as a question of history, because the history of this is known to few people. The fission of uranium was discovered by two German scientists a year before the war. Within a few months, it was reported that Germany had forbidden the export of uranium from the mines of Czechoslovakia which she had just annexed. Scientists on the Continent, in England and America, asked themselves whether the secret weapon on which the Germans were said to be working was an atomic bomb. If the fission of uranium could be used explosively (and this already seemed possible in 1939) it might in theory make an explosion a million times larger than hitherto. The monopoly of such an atomic bomb would give Hitler instant victory, and make him master of Europe and the world. The scientists knew the scale of what they feared very well: they feared first desolation and then slavery. With heavy hearts, they told Albert Einstein what they knew of atomic fission. Einstein had been a pacifist all his life, and he did not easily put his conscience on one side. But it seemed clear to him that no scientist was free to keep this knowledge to himself. He felt that no one could decide whether a nation should or should not use atomic bombs, except the nation itself; the choice must be offered to the nation, and made by those whom the nation has elected to act for it. On August 2, 1939, a month before Hitler invaded Poland, Einstein wrote to President Roosevelt to tell him that he thought an atomic bomb might be made, and he feared that the Germans were trying to make one.

This is how it came about that, later in the war, scientists worked together in England, in Canada and America, to make the atomic bomb. They hated war no less than the layman does- no less than the soldier does; they, too, had wrestled with their consciences; and they had decided that their duty was to let the nation use their skill, just as it uses the skill of the solider or the expert in camouflage. The atomic scientists believed that they

were in a race against Germany whose outcome might decide, the war even in its last weeks. We know now that the race was almost a walk-over. The Germans were indeed trying to make an atomic explosion, and they thought that they were ahead of the allies. But by our standards, what they had done was pitiful; they had not made a pile that worked, and they believed that the fast chain reaction of an atomic bomb was impossible. The Nazis had made fundamental science a poor relation, and put it under second rate party men with splendid titles. And more deeply, the Nazis had sapped the pith and power of research, the quizzical eye and questioning mind, the urge to find the facts for oneself. There were not enough unconventional ideas in the German atomic projects, and when the younger men did put up some, their leaders always knew better.

Answer the following questions based on your reading of the passage

What had drained the blood from the heart of the author?

Describe the circumstances leading to the making of atom bomb.

When was the Hydrogen bomb ready for use?

What, according to the author, was the main reason of the failure of the German  scientists?

 What do you learn from the passage about Albert Einstein?

मुर्तिकला

मुर्तिकला

वास्तु विज्ञान

वास्तु विज्ञान

शिक्षा व्यवस्था

शिक्षा व्यवस्था

 सप्तांग सिद्धांत

भारतीय सामाजिक संस्थाओं का वर्णन कीजिए।

 प्राचीन भारतीय न्याय-व्यवस्था पर प्रकाश डालें।

 आरण्यक एवं उपनिषद, साहित्य का परिचय दीजिए।

बौद्ध साहित्य में वर्णित आयुर्विज्ञान का विस्तारपूर्वक वर्णन कीजिए।

बौद्ध साहित्य में वर्णित आयुर्विज्ञान का विस्तारपूर्वक वर्णन कीजिए।

बौद्ध साहित्य में वर्णित आयुर्विज्ञान का विस्तारपूर्वक वर्णन कीजिए।

परिवार और विवाह का वर्णन करते हुए विवाह के प्रकारों का विस्तारपूर्वक वर्णन कीजिए।

परिवार और विवाह का वर्णन करते हुए विवाह के प्रकारों का विस्तारपूर्वक वर्णन कीजिए।