Discuss the role of non-aqueous solvents in acid base titrations. 

What are indicators? Discuss the Ostwald’s theory of acid base indicators and derive an expression relating the pH and the concentration of two forms of the indicator. 

What is meant by buffer capacity? Calculate the buffer capacity of a solution, which is 0.10 M in formic acid and 0.10 M in sodium formate. (pKa of acetic acid = 3.74). 

Which is more basic; 0.10 M NaOCl or 0.001M KOH. Justify your answer with calculations. 

What is meant by the leveling effect of a solvent? Explain with the help of a suitable example. 

A reactant A gives a product P in a first order irreversible reaction. Derive an integrated rate equation for the reaction. Calculate the time required for 90 % conversion of A to P if the time for 50% conversion is 30 s. 

 What is meant by incompatibility of chemicals? List different methods of storage of chemicals and state the recommendations for the safe storage of chemicals in a laboratory. 

 Why is it essential to consider the safety aspect at the time of the construction of the laboratory building? List any three requirements that must be met as per the norms in a chemical laboratory. 

What is meant by a ‘sample’ for analytical determination? Discuss the sampling of food materials. 

Why do we need to reject some data? Explain the ‘4d’ rule for the rejection of a data. 

What is meant by confidence level of an analytical data? The measurements of glucose levels in a patient suffering from diabetes gave the following results: 1.108, 1.100, 1.122, 1.088, 1.115, 1.099 and 1.075 g/L. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the set; you may assume the value of Cn to be = 0.4 

What is meant by confidence level of an analytical data? The measurements of glucose levels in a patient suffering from diabetes gave the following results: 1.108, 1.100, 1.122, 1.088, 1.115, 1.099 and 1.075 g/L. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the set; you may assume the value of Cn to be = 0.4 

What is meant by confidence level of an analytical data? The measurements of glucose levels in a patient suffering from diabetes gave the following results: 1.108, 1.100, 1.122, 1.088, 1.115, 1.099 and 1.075 g/L. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the set; you may assume the value of Cn to be = 0.4 

What is meant by confidence level of an analytical data? The measurements of glucose levels in a patient suffering from diabetes gave the following results: 1.108, 1.100, 1.122, 1.088, 1.115, 1.099 and 1.075 g/L. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the set; you may assume the value of Cn to be = 0.4 

The precision of a population of data is indicated in terms of standard deviation. Explain the meaning of standard deviation and illustrate the same with the help of an example. 

Discuss different means of minimizing errors and improving the accuracy of an analytical determination. 

What are optical methods of analysis? List different optical methods of analysis and explain the principle of fluorophotometry. 

Give a brief account of SDS-PAGE gel electrophroresis.

 What is an ion selective membrane electrode? Give the basic principle of its function.

 Discuss the principle and use of electrodialysis.