Colonial interests and ideologies influenced the character of urban centres in India. Examine with suitable examples

Can colonial cities in India rightly be understood as divided cities? Substantiate your answer with examples.

Manufacturing of goods have played important role in defining the character of towns in Medieval Deccan. Comment

Write a note on the Temple towns in Peninsular India

Mandu

Nature of regional capital cities during the fifteenth century

Mohenjodaro Houses

 Early historic cities in Texts

Cosmopolitan Cities: Delhi Sultanate

 Examine the nature and character of urbanization in north India during Gupta period.

Discuss the characteristics of Early Historic urban centres of south India.

Write a note on the urban planning in the Harappan cities

What are the different approaches to study the medieval towns?

Write an R program to:

a. Create a Decision Tree classifier for a sample dataset. Display the results visually using appropriate R plotting functions. Explain the outputs obtained.

b. Apply K-Means clustering to group similar data points. Display the results visually using appropriate R plotting functions. Explain the outputs obtained.

What is the Flajolet-Martin algorithm? Explain its steps for estimating the number of unique elements in a data stream. Compare it with the use of a Bloom Filter.

Explain Cosine Similarity and Jaccard Similarity with examples. How are these measures used in recommendation systems and document similarity analysis?

 What are Column-based, Document-based, and Graph-based NoSQL databases? For each type, give an example and explain a real-world use case where it is most suitable.

Compare MapReduce and Apache Spark with respect to data processing speed, fault tolerance, and ease of use. Provide a real-world use case where Spark is more beneficial than MapReduce.

Explain the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) architecture with a diagram. Describe the role of NameNode and DataNodes in storing and retrieving large-scale datasets.

What are the Four Vs of Big Data? Give real-world examples for each. Compare Big Data systems with traditional data warehouses in terms of architecture and functionality.