Explain different types of losses in pipe flow. Why are minor losses important in short pipelines?

 Explain laminar and turbulent flow. Discuss the role of Reynolds number in

Discuss practical situations where Bernoulli's theorem fails. How are losses accounted for in real flows?

State Bernoulli's theorem. Clearly mention the assumptions involved in its derivation.

Explain the equation of continuity. Discuss its physical meaning and engineering applications.

Explain streamline, pathline, and streakline. Under what condition do theycoincide?

Define metacentric height. Discuss its significance for stable, unstable, and neutral equilibrium of floating bodies.

State Archimedes' principle and explain its importance in the design of ships and submarines.

 Explain pressure measurement in fluids. Compare piezometer, U-tube 05 manometer, and differential manometer.

State and explain Pascal's law. Describe two engineering devices based on Pascal's law.

 Explain the effect of temperature and pressure on viscosity of liquids and gases with practical examples.

 Define viscosity. Explain Newton's law of viscosity and discuss the physical 05 significance of viscosity in engineering applications.

Distinguish between the following with suitable examples (any three): 

Ideal fluid and real fluid

Steady and unsteady flow

Uniform and non-uniform flow

Compressible and incompressible flow

Explain the concept of a fluid continuum. Why is this assumption necessary in fluid mechanics?

 Examine the integration of EVs with smart grid technology and its role in sustainable energy systems.

Evaluate how regenerative braking improves the overall energy efficiency of hybrid vehicles.

Discuss how hybrid vehicle architecture bridges the gap between conventional and fully electric vehicles.

Explain the role of inverters, converters, and motor control units (MCUs) in optimizing EV performance.

 Analyze how battery management systems (BMS) contribute to battery safety and long-term reliability.

Discuss the major factors affecting battery performance, life cycle, and sustainability.